Kryo codecs example

Introducing Point monad

README.md

@@ -1,3 +1,139 @@
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/fluencelabs/codec.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/fluencelabs/codec) [![Gitter](https://badges.gitter.im/fluencelabs/codec.svg)](https://gitter.im/fluencelabs/codec?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge)
+
 # Codec
 
-Like bijections, but pure and suitable for `cats`.
+`Codec` is an opinionated library for `cats`-friendly pure (reversible) conversions between types, with possible errors represented with `Either`.
+
+It's cross-built for Scala and Scala.js, and can also be used for other free-of-effect conversions to reach functional composability.
+
+## Motivation
+
+### Use partial functions, track the errors
+
+Often it's useful to do some validation alongside conversion, like in `String => Int`. 
+
+However, this function throws when malformed input is given. Hence `String => Either[Throwable, Int]`, being a total function, should fit better.
+
+In this case, error is reflected in type system. It keeps things pure. We go further, forcing the error to be of type `CodecError`, so that later it's easy to track where it comes from, especially in asynchronous environment.
+
+This uni-direction type is called `fluence.codec.PureCodec.Func` for a fixed `CodecError` error type. Any other error type could be used by extending `fluence.codec.MonadicalEitherArrow[Error]`.
+
+Bidirection type `A <=> B` is composed from two `Func`s and is called `Bijection`.
+
+### Lawful composition
+
+A type `Func[A, B]`, being something like `A => Either[E, B]`, is not very composable on it's own, so we implemented `cats.arrow.ArrowChoice[Func]` for it. You may use `cats.syntax.compose._` or anything like that to receive `andThen` and other lawful functions.
+
+`Bijection[A, B]` is more complex type, so it has only `Compose[Bijection]` typeclass. Finally you can do something like this:
+
+```scala
+import cats.syntax.compose._
+import fluence.codec.PureCodec
+
+val intToBytes: PureCodec[Int, Array[Byte]] = PureCodec[Int, String] andThen PureCodec[String, Array[Byte]]
+```
+
+Errors are handled in monad-like "fail-fast" fashion.
+
+### Benefit from different Monads
+
+In general, functional types conversion could be lazy or eager, be performed in current thread or another. This choice should not affect the logic of conversion, as it's pure.
+
+`PureCodec` may use any  monad to preform execution upon, retaining its nature. The most simple case is strict eager evaluation:
+
+```scala
+import cats.Id
+
+val resEagerSync: Either[CodecError, Array[Byte]] = intToBytes.direct.runF[Id](33)
+
+```
+
+You may use any monad, like `Task`, `Coeval`, `Eval`, `IO`...
+
+### Minimal dependencies
+
+`codec-core` depends only on `cats`. Each particular codec set is moved into separate module.
+
+### Cross compile
+
+In case of complex algorithms, it's worthy to share codebase between platforms. We cross-compile all the codecs possible both to Scala and Scala.js.
+
+## Installation
+
+```scala
+// Bintray repo is used so far. Migration to Maven Central is planned
+resolvers += Resolver.bintrayRepo("fluencelabs", "releases")
+
+val codecV = "0.0.1"
+
+libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
+  "one.fluence" %%% "codec-core" % codecV, // basic types
+  "one.fluence" %%% "codec-bits" % codecV, // scodec-bits conversions for ByteVector 
+  "one.fluence" %%% "codec-circe" % codecV, // json handling with circe
+  "one.fluence" %%% "codec-protobuf" % codecV, // ByteString conversions for both scala and scala.js
+  "one.fluence" %% "codec-kryo" % codecV // typesafe kryo codecs, only for scala
+)
+```
+
+## Example
+
+```scala
+  import cats.syntax.compose._
+  import fluence.codec.PureCodec
+  import fluence.codec.circe.CirceCodecs._
+  import io.circe.{Decoder, Encoder, Json}
+  import scodec.bits.ByteVector
+  import fluence.codec.bits.BitsCodecs._
+
+  // Simple class
+  case class User(id: Int, name: String)
+
+  // Encode and decode with circe
+  implicit val encoder: Encoder[User] =
+    user ⇒ Json.obj("id" → Encoder.encodeInt(user.id), "name" → Encoder.encodeString(user.name))
+
+  implicit val decoder: Decoder[User] = cursor ⇒
+    for {
+      id ← cursor.downField("id").as[Int]
+      name ← cursor.downField("name").as[String]
+    } yield User(id, name)
+
+  // Get codec for encoder/decoder
+  implicit val userJson: PureCodec[User, Json] = circeJsonCodec(encoder, decoder)
+
+  // A trivial string to bytes codec; never use it in production!
+  implicit val stringCodec: PureCodec[String, Array[Byte]] =
+    PureCodec.liftB(_.getBytes, bs ⇒ new String(bs))
+
+  // Convert user to byte vector and vice versa
+  implicit val userJsonVec: PureCodec[User, ByteVector] =
+    PureCodec[User, Json] andThen
+      PureCodec[Json, String] andThen
+      PureCodec[String, Array[Byte]] andThen
+      PureCodec[Array[Byte], ByteVector]
+
+  // Try it with an instance
+  val user = User(234, "Hey Bob")
+
+  // unsafe() is to be used in tests only; it throws!
+  println(userJsonVec.direct.unsafe(user).toBase64)
+  
+  // eyJpZCI6MjM0LCJuYW1lIjoiSGV5IEJvYiJ9
+```
+
+For synthetic examples refer to the [examples directory](examples/).  
+For the real-world examples checkout [Fluence](https://github.com/fluencelabs/fluence) main repo.
+
+## Roadmap
+
+- `connect[A, B, C]` to compose several Funcs or Bijections
+- `sbt-tut` for docs
+- Implement more codecs
+- Enhance `Func` api with shortcuts to `EitherT` methods
+- Consider improving performance: `EitherT` [is not so fast](https://twitter.com/alexelcu/status/988031831357485056) (at least yet)
+
+## License
+
+Fluence is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License v3 (AGPLv3) as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+Fluence includes some [external modules](https://github.com/fluencelabs/codec/blob/master/build.sbt) that carry their own licensing.

build.sbt

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ val scalaV = scalaVersion := "2.12.5"
 
 val commons = Seq(
   scalaV,
-  version                   := "0.0.1",
+  version                   := "0.0.3",
   fork in Test              := true,
   parallelExecution in Test := false,
   organization              := "one.fluence",
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ val commons = Seq(
   organizationHomepage      := Some(new URL("https://fluence.one")),
   startYear                 := Some(2017),
   licenses += ("AGPL-V3", new URL("http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.en.html")),
-  headerLicense := Some(License.AGPLv3("2017", organizationName.value)),
+  headerLicense       := Some(License.AGPLv3("2017", organizationName.value)),
   bintrayOrganization := Some("fluencelabs"),
-  publishMavenStyle := true,
-  bintrayRepository := "releases"
+  publishMavenStyle   := true,
+  bintrayRepository   := "releases"
 )
 
 commons
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ lazy val `codec-core` = crossProject(JVMPlatform, JSPlatform)
     commons,
     kindProjector,
     libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
-      "org.typelevel" %%% "cats-core"   % Cats1V,
-      "org.typelevel" %%% "cats-laws" % Cats1V % Test,
-      "org.typelevel" %%% "cats-testkit" % Cats1V % Test,
+      "org.typelevel"              %%% "cats-core"                 % Cats1V,
+      "org.typelevel"              %%% "cats-laws"                 % Cats1V % Test,
+      "org.typelevel"              %%% "cats-testkit"              % Cats1V % Test,
       "com.github.alexarchambault" %%% "scalacheck-shapeless_1.13" % "1.1.8" % Test,
-      "org.scalacheck"  %%% "scalacheck" % ScalacheckV % Test,
-      "org.scalatest" %%% "scalatest"    % ScalatestV % Test
+      "org.scalacheck"             %%% "scalacheck"                % ScalacheckV % Test,
+      "org.scalatest"              %%% "scalatest"                 % ScalatestV % Test
     )
   )
   .jsSettings(
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ lazy val `codec-bits` = crossProject(JVMPlatform, JSPlatform)
   .settings(
     commons,
     libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
-      "org.scodec"    %%% "scodec-bits" % ScodecBitsV,
-      "org.scalacheck"  %%% "scalacheck" % ScalacheckV % Test,
-      "org.scalatest" %%% "scalatest"    % ScalatestV % Test
+      "org.scodec"     %%% "scodec-bits" % ScodecBitsV,
+      "org.scalacheck" %%% "scalacheck"  % ScalacheckV % Test,
+      "org.scalatest"  %%% "scalatest"   % ScalatestV % Test
     )
   )
   .jsSettings(
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ lazy val `codec-kryo` = project
     commons,
     libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
       chill,
-      "com.chuusai"   %% "shapeless"     % ShapelessV,
-      "org.scalatest" %% "scalatest"    % ScalatestV % Test
+      "com.chuusai"   %% "shapeless" % ShapelessV,
+      "org.scalatest" %% "scalatest" % ScalatestV % Test
     )
   )
   .dependsOn(`codec-core-jvm`)
@@ -149,3 +149,13 @@ lazy val `codec-protobuf` = crossProject(JVMPlatform, JSPlatform)
 lazy val `codec-protobuf-jvm` = `codec-protobuf`.jvm
 lazy val `codec-protobuf-js` = `codec-protobuf`.js
 
+lazy val `codec-examples` = project
+  .in(file("examples"))
+  .settings(
+    commons,
+    libraryDependencies ++= Seq(
+      "io.monix" %%% "monix" % "3.0.0-RC1"
+    )
+  )
+  .dependsOn(`codec-core-jvm`)
+  .dependsOn(`codec-kryo`)

circe/src/main/scala/fluence/codec/circe/CirceCodecs.scala

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import io.circe._
 
 object CirceCodecs {
 
-  implicit def circeJsonCodec[T](encoder: Encoder[T], decoder: Decoder[T]): PureCodec[T, Json] =
+  implicit def circeJsonCodec[T](implicit encoder: Encoder[T], decoder: Decoder[T]): PureCodec[T, Json] =
     PureCodec.liftEitherB[T, Json](
       t ⇒ Right(encoder.apply(t)),
       json ⇒ decoder.decodeJson(json).left.map(f ⇒ CodecError("Cannot decode json value", causedBy = Some(f)))

core/src/main/scala/fluence/codec/MonadicalEitherArrow.scala

@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@
 package fluence.codec
 
 import cats.{Monad, MonadError, Traverse}
-import cats.arrow.{ArrowChoice, Compose}
+import cats.arrow.{ArrowChoice, Category}
+import cats.syntax.arrow._
 import cats.data.{EitherT, Kleisli}
 import cats.syntax.flatMap._
 import cats.syntax.compose._
 
-import scala.language.higherKinds
+import scala.language.{existentials, higherKinds}
 import scala.util.Try
 
 /**
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ import scala.util.Try
  * @tparam E Error type
  */
 abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
+  mea ⇒
 
   /**
    * Alias for error type
@@ -60,9 +62,10 @@ abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
      * Run the func on input, lifting the error into MonadError effect.
      *
      * @param input Input
-     * @param F All internal maps and composes, as well as errors, are to be executed with this Monad
+     * @param F All internal maps and composes, as well as errors, are to be executed with this MonadError.
+      *          Error type should be a supertype for this arrow's error E.
      */
-    def runF[F[_]](input: A)(implicit F: MonadError[F, Throwable]): F[B] =
+    def runF[F[_]](input: A)(implicit F: MonadError[F, EE] forSome {type EE >: E}): F[B] =
       runEither(input).flatMap(F.fromEither)
 
     /**
@@ -76,9 +79,10 @@ abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
     /**
      * Converts this Func to Kleisli, using MonadError to execute upon and to lift errors into.
      *
-     * @param F All internal maps and composes, as well as errors, are to be executed with this Monad
+     * @param F All internal maps and composes, as well as errors, are to be executed with this MonadError.
+     *           Error type should be a supertype for this arrow's error E.
      */
-    def toKleisli[F[_]](implicit F: MonadError[F, Throwable]): Kleisli[F, A, B] =
+    def toKleisli[F[_]](implicit F: MonadError[F, EE] forSome {type EE >: E}): Kleisli[F, A, B] =
       Kleisli(input ⇒ runF[F](input))
 
     /**
@@ -91,6 +95,15 @@ abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
       import cats.instances.try_._
       runF[Try](input).get
     }
+
+    /**
+      * Picks a point from the arrow, using the initial element (Unit) on the left.
+      *
+      * @param input Point to pick
+      * @return Picked point
+      */
+    def pointAt(input: A): Point[B] =
+      catsMonadicalEitherArrowChoice.lmap(this)(_ ⇒ input)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -114,6 +127,13 @@ abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
     )
     def toCodec[F[_]](implicit F: MonadError[F, Throwable]): Codec[F, A, B] =
       Codec(direct.runF[F], inverse.runF[F])
+
+    /**
+     * Splits the input and puts it to either bijection, then merges output.
+     * It could have been achieved with `Strong` typeclass in case it doesn't extend `Profunctor`; but it does.
+     */
+    def split[A1, B1](bj: Bijection[A1, B1]): Bijection[(A, A1), (B, B1)] =
+      mea.split(this, bj)
   }
 
   /**
@@ -173,6 +193,26 @@ abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
       EitherT.rightT[F, E](input).subflatMap(f)
   }
 
+  /**
+    * Check a condition, lifted with a Func.
+    *
+    * @param error Error to produce when condition is not met
+    * @return Func that takes boolean, checks it, and returns Unit or fails with given error
+    */
+  def cond(error: ⇒ E): Func[Boolean, Unit] =
+    liftFuncEither(Either.cond(_, (), error))
+
+  /**
+    * Lift a function which returns a Func arrow with Unit on the left side.
+    *
+    * @param f Function to lift
+    */
+  def liftFuncPoint[A, B](f: A ⇒ Point[B]): Func[A,B] =
+    new Func[A, B]{
+      override def apply[F[_] : Monad](input: A): EitherT[F, E, B] =
+        f(input).apply[F](())
+    }
+
   /**
    * Func that does nothing with input.
    */
@@ -206,6 +246,42 @@ abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
       }
   }
 
+  /**
+    * Point type maps from Unit to a particular value of A, so it's just a lazy Func.
+    *
+    * @tparam A Output value type
+    */
+  type Point[A] = Func[Unit, A]
+
+  /**
+    * Point must obey MonadErrorLaws
+    */
+  implicit object catsMonadicalEitherPointMonad extends MonadError[Point, E] {
+    override def flatMap[A, B](fa: Point[A])(f: A ⇒ Point[B]): Point[B] =
+      new Func[Unit, B]{
+        override def apply[F[_] : Monad](input: Unit): EitherT[F, E, B] =
+          fa[F](()).flatMap(f(_).apply[F](()))
+      }
+
+    override def tailRecM[A, B](a: A)(f: A ⇒ Point[Either[A, B]]): Point[B] =
+      new Func[Unit, B]{
+        override def apply[F[_] : Monad](input: Unit): EitherT[F, E, B] =
+          Monad[EitherT[F, E, ?]].tailRecM(a)(f(_).apply[F](()))
+      }
+
+    override def raiseError[A](e: E): Point[A] =
+      liftFuncEither(_ ⇒ Left(e))
+
+    override def handleErrorWith[A](fa: Point[A])(f: E ⇒ Point[A]): Point[A] =
+      new Func[Unit, A]{
+        override def apply[F[_] : Monad](input: Unit): EitherT[F, E, A] =
+          fa[F](()).leftFlatMap(e ⇒ f(e).apply[F](()))
+      }
+
+    override def pure[A](x: A): Point[A] =
+      liftFunc(_ ⇒ x)
+  }
+
   /**
    * Lifts pure direct and inverse functions into Bijection.
    *
@@ -228,6 +304,12 @@ abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
   def liftEitherB[A, B](direct: A ⇒ Either[E, B], inverse: B ⇒ Either[E, A]): Bijection[A, B] =
     Bijection(liftFuncEither(direct), liftFuncEither(inverse))
 
+  /**
+    * Lifts point functions into Bijection.
+    */
+  def liftPointB[A,B](direct: A ⇒ Point[B], inverse: B ⇒ Point[A]): Bijection[A,B] =
+    Bijection(liftFuncPoint(direct), liftFuncPoint(inverse))
+
   /**
    * Bijection that does no transformation.
    */
@@ -250,10 +332,20 @@ abstract class MonadicalEitherArrow[E <: Throwable] {
   implicit def swap[A, B](implicit bijection: Bijection[A, B]): Bijection[B, A] = bijection.swap
 
   /**
-   * Bijection should obey ComposeLaws
+   * Bijection should obey CategoryLaws
    */
-  implicit object catsMonadicalBijectionCompose extends Compose[Bijection] {
+  implicit object catsMonadicalBijectionCategory extends Category[Bijection] {
     override def compose[A, B, C](f: Bijection[B, C], g: Bijection[A, B]): Bijection[A, C] =
       Bijection(f.direct compose g.direct, g.inverse compose f.inverse)
+
+    override def id[A]: Bijection[A, A] = identityBijection
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Splits the input and puts it to either bijection, then merges output.
+   * It could be achieved with `Strong` typeclass in case it doesn't extend `Profunctor`; but it does.
+   */
+  def split[A1, B1, A2, B2](f1: Bijection[A1, B1], f2: Bijection[A2, B2]): Bijection[(A1, A2), (B1, B2)] =
+    Bijection(f1.direct *** f2.direct, f1.inverse *** f2.inverse)
+
 }

core/src/test/scala/fluence/codec/PureCodecBijectionLawsSpec.scala

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 package fluence.codec
 
-import cats.laws.discipline.ComposeTests
+import cats.laws.discipline.CategoryTests
 import cats.tests.CatsSuite
 import cats.Eq
 import org.scalacheck.ScalacheckShapeless._
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class PureCodecBijectionLawsSpec extends CatsSuite {
     Eq.instance((x, y) ⇒ directEq.eqv(x.direct, y.direct) && inverseEq.eqv(x.inverse, y.inverse))
 
   checkAll(
-    "PureCodec.Bijection.ComposeLaws",
-    ComposeTests[PureCodec].compose[Int, String, Double, BigDecimal]
+    "PureCodec.Bijection.CategoryLaws",
+    CategoryTests[PureCodec].category[Int, String, Double, BigDecimal]
   )
 }

core/src/test/scala/fluence/codec/PureCodecFuncTestInstances.scala

@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@ import org.scalacheck.{Arbitrary, Cogen, Gen}
 import org.scalacheck.ScalacheckShapeless._
 
 object PureCodecFuncTestInstances {
+  implicit def arbCodecError: Arbitrary[CodecError] =
+    Arbitrary(Gen.alphaLowerStr.map(CodecError(_)))
+
+  implicit def eqCodecError: Eq[CodecError] = Eq.fromUniversalEquals
+
+  implicit def cogenE: Cogen[CodecError] = Cogen.cogenString.contramap[CodecError](_.message)
+
   implicit def arbFunc[A: Arbitrary: Cogen, B: Arbitrary]: Arbitrary[PureCodec.Func[A, B]] =
     Arbitrary(
       Gen

core/src/test/scala/fluence/codec/PureCodecPointLawsSpec.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017  Fluence Labs Limited
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+ * License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package fluence.codec
+
+import cats.{Eq, Invariant}
+import cats.data.EitherT
+import cats.laws.discipline.{MonadErrorTests, SemigroupalTests}
+import cats.tests.CatsSuite
+import fluence.codec
+import org.scalacheck.ScalacheckShapeless._
+
+class PureCodecPointLawsSpec extends CatsSuite {
+
+  import PureCodecFuncTestInstances._
+
+  implicit def eqEitherTFEA: Eq[EitherT[PureCodec.Point, CodecError, Int]] =
+    Eq.instance{
+      case (aa,bb) ⇒
+        aa.value.unsafe(()) == bb.value.unsafe(())
+    }
+
+  implicit val iso = SemigroupalTests.Isomorphisms.invariant[PureCodec.Point](
+    new Invariant[PureCodec.Point]{
+      override def imap[A, B](fa: codec.PureCodec.Point[A])(f: A ⇒ B)(g: B ⇒ A): codec.PureCodec.Point[B] =
+        fa.map(f)
+    }
+  )
+
+  checkAll(
+    "PureCodec.Point.MonadErrorLaws",
+    MonadErrorTests[PureCodec.Point, CodecError].monadError[Int, String, Double]
+  )
+}

examples/src/main/scala/fluence/codec/examples/KryoCodecExample.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package fluence.codec.examples
+
+import cats.Id
+import fluence.codec.kryo.KryoCodecs
+import fluence.codec.{CodecError, PureCodec}
+import monix.eval.Task
+import shapeless.{::, HNil}
+
+object KryoCodecExample {
+  case class Aircraft(manufacturer: String, model: String, tailNumber: String)
+  case class Fuel(amount: Double) extends AnyVal
+
+  case class UnknownClass(x: String)
+
+  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
+    // This way we can define a typed collection of codecs using kryo for the underlying serialization.
+    //
+    // These codecs can be used only to transform the corresponding type: i.e. it won't be possible to
+    // use an aircraft codec to serialize fuel (which is essentially a typed wrapper over double value).
+    //
+    // It won't be possible to obtain from this collection a codec for previously not registered class.
+    // Type safety FTW!
+    //
+    // Note that different methods are used to register Aircraft and Fuel – that's because one is a reference,
+    // and another is a value type.
+    val codecs: KryoCodecs[Task, ::[Fuel, ::[Aircraft, ::[Array[Byte], ::[Long, ::[String, HNil]]]]]] = KryoCodecs()
+      .addCase(classOf[Aircraft])
+      .add[Fuel]
+      .build[Task]()
+
+    val skyhawk61942 = Aircraft("Cessna", "172S G1000", "N61942")
+    val tabsFuel = Fuel(53)
+
+    val aircraftCodec: PureCodec[Aircraft, Array[Byte]] = codecs.pureCodec[Aircraft]
+    val fuelCodec: PureCodec[Fuel, Array[Byte]] = codecs.pureCodec[Fuel]
+
+    // This will cause a compilation error, because the class was never registered with the codecs.
+    // "You requested an element of type (...).UnknownClass, but there is none in the HList"
+    //
+    // val unknownCodec = codecs.pureCodec[UnknownClass]
+
+
+    // Here all the standard machinery of codecs applies (for more examples, consider checking out PureCodecExample.
+    // We can serialize and deserialize the object – and unsurprisingly the original and restored values match.
+    //
+    // Let's serialize an aircraft instance.
+    {
+      val ser: Id[Either[CodecError, Array[Byte]]] = aircraftCodec.direct[Id](skyhawk61942).value
+      val deser: Id[Either[CodecError, Aircraft]] = aircraftCodec.inverse[Id](ser.right.get).value
+
+      println(ser.right.map(x => s"$skyhawk61942 => serialized size: ${x.length}"))
+      assert(deser == Right(skyhawk61942))
+    }
+
+
+    // Same thing for the fuel instance (which is AnyVal fwiw).
+    {
+      val ser: Id[Either[CodecError, Array[Byte]]] = fuelCodec.direct[Id](tabsFuel).value
+      val deser: Id[Either[CodecError, Fuel]] = fuelCodec.inverse[Id](ser.right.get).value
+
+      println(ser.right.map(x => s"$tabsFuel => serialized size: ${x.length}"))
+      assert(deser == Right(tabsFuel))
+    }
+  }
+}

examples/src/main/scala/fluence/codec/examples/PureCodecExample.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+package fluence.codec.examples
+
+import cats.Id
+import cats.data.EitherT
+import cats.implicits._
+import fluence.codec.PureCodec.{Bijection, Point}
+import fluence.codec.{CodecError, PureCodec}
+
+import scala.util.Try
+
+object PureCodecExample {
+  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
+    // Here we are defining a simple codec transforming a string to integer and back.
+    //
+    // It's not really a bijection: even not taking into account unparseable strings like "test", there are
+    // different string values (e.g., "+20" and "20") producing the same integer value. It's good enough for
+    // demonstration purposes though, so we keep using it.
+    val str2intCodec: Bijection[String, Int] = PureCodec.build[String, Int](
+      (x: String) => x.toInt,
+      (x: Int) => x.toString
+    )
+
+
+    // Using an identity monad, we can parse a valid string into integer (which produces EitherT) and then map
+    // the result. Now, we can use EitherT[F, E, B] or convert it into F[Either[E, B]] representation.
+    {
+      val res: EitherT[Id, CodecError, Int] = str2intCodec.direct[Id]("31330").map(_ + 7)
+      val resMonad: Id[Either[CodecError, Int]] = res.value
+      assert(res.toString == "EitherT(Right(31337))")
+      assert(resMonad.toString == "Right(31337)")
+    }
+
+
+    // We can also supply a different type class (Monad[F[_]]) – in this case the result will be wrapped into
+    // the corresponding type F[_] using the `F.pure(_)` method.
+    {
+      val res = str2intCodec.direct[Option]("42")
+      val resMonad = res.value
+      assert(res.toString == "EitherT(Some(Right(42)))")
+      assert(resMonad.toString == "Some(Right(42))")
+    }
+
+
+    // Here we attempt to pass an unparseable string value. Note that PureCodec won't catch a thrown exception
+    // automatically despite that return type is EitherT (this might be a bit confusing). Instead, the exception
+    // will come all the way up to the caller, which will have to handle it manually.
+    {
+      val resWrapped = Try {
+        val res: EitherT[Id, CodecError, Int] = str2intCodec.direct[Id]("foo")
+        res
+      }
+      assert(resWrapped.toString == "Failure(java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: \"foo\")")
+    }
+
+
+    // To handle exceptions automatically, we can use Try monad. Note that we get `EitherT(Failure(...))`, not
+    // `EitherT(Failure(Right(...)))` as one might expect by analogy with previous examples. It's not
+    // `EitherT(Left(...))` too which could have been more convenient potentially.
+    {
+      val res = str2intCodec.direct[Try]("foo")
+      val resMonad: Try[Either[CodecError, Int]] = res.value
+      assert(res.toString == "EitherT(Failure(java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: \"foo\"))")
+      assert(resMonad.toString == "Failure(java.lang.NumberFormatException: For input string: \"foo\")")
+    }
+
+
+    // If we really want to receive Left with the exception info when the string argument can't be parsed, a little
+    // more effort is needed. The problem we had before was that the supplied function `(x: String) => x.toInt`
+    // could throw parse exceptions and therefore was not really pure.
+    //
+    // However, we can catch exceptions in this function and return an Either, which will make it pure. Now, all we
+    // need to do is to lift this function into the Func context.
+    val str2intEitherCodec: Bijection[String, Int] = PureCodec.build(
+      PureCodec.liftFuncEither((x: String) => Either.catchNonFatal(x.toInt).left.map(e => CodecError(e.getMessage))),
+      PureCodec.liftFuncEither((x: Int) => Either.catchNonFatal(x.toString).left.map(e => CodecError(e.getMessage)))
+    )
+
+
+    // For lawful strings – those which can be parsed into an integer the behavior hasn't really changed.
+    // Note that we receive Right(...) wrapped in the supplied monadic type.
+    {
+      val res: EitherT[Option, CodecError, Int] = str2intEitherCodec.direct[Option]("1024")
+      val resMonad = res.value
+      assert(res.toString == "EitherT(Some(Right(1024)))")
+      assert(resMonad.toString == "Some(Right(1024))")
+    }
+
+
+    // However, for strings that can't be parsed, we will receive Left(...) – which is a desired behavior!
+    {
+      val res: EitherT[Option, CodecError, Int] = str2intEitherCodec.direct[Option]("bar")
+      val resMonad = res.value
+      assert(res.toString == "EitherT(Some(Left(fluence.codec.CodecError: For input string: \"bar\")))")
+      assert(resMonad.toString == "Some(Left(fluence.codec.CodecError: For input string: \"bar\"))")
+    }
+
+
+    // It's also totally possible to perform an inverse transformation: after all, a codec is a bijection.
+    {
+      val res: EitherT[Id, CodecError, String] = str2intCodec.inverse[Id](720)
+      val resMonad: Id[Either[CodecError, String]] = res.value
+      assert(res.toString == "EitherT(Right(720))")
+      assert(resMonad.toString == "Right(720)")
+    }
+
+
+    // It's also possible to pass the to-be-converted value first, but perform the actual transformation only
+    // later on (using different enclosing monads if desired). To achieve this, `pointAt` method which returns a
+    // lazily evaluated function can be used.
+    {
+      val point: Point[Int] = str2intCodec.direct.pointAt("333")
+      val resId: EitherT[Id, CodecError, Int] = point[Id]()
+      val resOption: EitherT[Option, CodecError, Int] = point[Option]()
+      assert(resId.toString == "EitherT(Right(333))")
+      assert(resOption.toString == "EitherT(Some(Right(333)))")
+    }
+
+
+    // Sometimes, we might want to be able to compose two codecs together. Here we define an integer to boolean
+    // codec and compose it with one of the previously defined codecs. Yes, the int-to-bool codec is not really
+    // a bijection but we can put up with that for the sake of example.
+    val int2boolCodec: Bijection[Int, Boolean] = PureCodec.build[Int, Boolean](
+      (x: Int) => x != 0,
+      (x: Boolean) => if (x) 1 else 0
+    )
+    val str2boolCodec: Bijection[String, Boolean] = str2intCodec andThen int2boolCodec
+
+    {
+      val resA: EitherT[Id, CodecError, Boolean] = str2boolCodec.direct[Id]("100")
+      val resB = str2boolCodec.inverse[Option](true)
+      assert(resA.toString == "EitherT(Right(true))")
+      assert(resB.toString == "EitherT(Some(Right(1)))")
+    }
+
+
+    // TODO: describe `runF` and `toKleisli`
+  }
+}

kryo/src/main/scala/fluence/codec/kryo/KryoFactory.scala

@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ import com.twitter.chill.{AllScalaRegistrar, KryoBase, KryoInstantiator}
 import org.objenesis.strategy.StdInstantiatorStrategy
 
 /**
- * This Instantiator enable compulsory class registration, registers all java and scala main classes.
- * This class required for [[com.twitter.chill.KryoPool]].
+ * This Instantiator enables compulsory class registration and registers all java and scala main classes.
+ * This class is required for [[com.twitter.chill.KryoPool]].
  * @param classesToReg additional classes for registration
  * @param registrationRequired if true, an exception is thrown when an unregistered class is encountered.
  */

project/build.properties

@@ -1 +1 @@
-sbt.version = 1.1.2
+sbt.version = 1.1.4