diff --git a/lib/runtime-core/src/instance.rs b/lib/runtime-core/src/instance.rs
index 956b95d7b..f1e6a0613 100644
--- a/lib/runtime-core/src/instance.rs
+++ b/lib/runtime-core/src/instance.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
     module::{ExportIndex, Module, ModuleInner},
     sig_registry::SigRegistry,
     table::Table,
-    typed_func::{Func, Safe, WasmTypeList},
+    typed_func::{Func, Wasm, WasmTypeList},
     types::{FuncIndex, FuncSig, GlobalIndex, LocalOrImport, MemoryIndex, TableIndex, Value},
     vm,
 };
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl Instance {
     /// # Ok(())
     /// # }
     /// ```
-    pub fn func<Args, Rets>(&self, name: &str) -> ResolveResult<Func<Args, Rets, Safe>>
+    pub fn func<Args, Rets>(&self, name: &str) -> ResolveResult<Func<Args, Rets, Wasm>>
     where
         Args: WasmTypeList,
         Rets: WasmTypeList,
@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@ impl Instance {
                 }
             };
 
-            let typed_func: Func<Args, Rets, Safe> =
-                unsafe { Func::new_from_ptr(func_ptr as _, ctx) };
+            let typed_func: Func<Args, Rets, Wasm> =
+                unsafe { Func::from_raw_parts(trampoline, invoke, f as _, ctx, invoke_env) };
 
             Ok(typed_func)
         } else {
diff --git a/lib/runtime-core/src/typed_func.rs b/lib/runtime-core/src/typed_func.rs
index 4191f347e..48e689d1d 100644
--- a/lib/runtime-core/src/typed_func.rs
+++ b/lib/runtime-core/src/typed_func.rs
@@ -6,24 +6,79 @@ use crate::{
     types::{FuncSig, Type, WasmExternType},
     vm::Ctx,
 };
-use std::{any::Any, cell::UnsafeCell, marker::PhantomData, mem, panic, ptr, sync::Arc};
+use std::{
+    any::Any, cell::UnsafeCell, ffi::c_void, fmt, marker::PhantomData, mem, panic, ptr, sync::Arc,
+};
 
 thread_local! {
     pub static EARLY_TRAPPER: UnsafeCell<Option<Box<dyn UserTrapper>>> = UnsafeCell::new(None);
 }
 
-pub trait Safeness {}
-pub struct Safe;
-pub struct Unsafe;
-impl Safeness for Safe {}
-impl Safeness for Unsafe {}
+#[repr(C)]
+pub enum WasmTrapInfo {
+    Unreachable = 0,
+    IncorrectCallIndirectSignature = 1,
+    MemoryOutOfBounds = 2,
+    CallIndirectOOB = 3,
+    IllegalArithmetic = 4,
+    Unknown,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for WasmTrapInfo {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "{}",
+            match self {
+                WasmTrapInfo::Unreachable => "unreachable",
+                WasmTrapInfo::IncorrectCallIndirectSignature => {
+                    "incorrect `call_indirect` signature"
+                }
+                WasmTrapInfo::MemoryOutOfBounds => "memory out-of-bounds access",
+                WasmTrapInfo::CallIndirectOOB => "`call_indirect` out-of-bounds",
+                WasmTrapInfo::IllegalArithmetic => "illegal arithmetic operation",
+                WasmTrapInfo::Unknown => "unknown",
+            }
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Kind {}
+
+type Trampoline = extern "C" fn(*mut Ctx, *const c_void, *const u64, *mut u64);
+type Invoke = extern "C" fn(
+    Trampoline,
+    *mut Ctx,
+    *const c_void,
+    *const u64,
+    *mut u64,
+    &mut WasmTrapInfo,
+) -> bool;
+
+pub struct Wasm {
+    trampoline: Trampoline,
+    invoke: Invoke,
+    invoke_env: *mut c_void,
+}
+
+pub struct Host(());
+impl Kind for Wasm {}
+impl Kind for Host {}
 
 pub trait WasmTypeList {
     type CStruct;
+    type RetArray: AsMut<[u64]>;
+    fn from_ret_array(array: Self::RetArray) -> Self;
+    fn empty_ret_array() -> Self::RetArray;
     fn from_c_struct(c_struct: Self::CStruct) -> Self;
     fn into_c_struct(self) -> Self::CStruct;
     fn types() -> &'static [Type];
-    unsafe fn call<Rets>(self, f: *const (), ctx: *mut Ctx) -> Rets
+    unsafe fn call<Rets>(
+        self,
+        f: *const c_void,
+        wasm: Wasm,
+        ctx: *mut Ctx,
+    ) -> Result<Rets, WasmTrapInfo>
     where
         Rets: WasmTypeList;
 }
@@ -33,7 +88,7 @@ where
     Args: WasmTypeList,
     Rets: WasmTypeList,
 {
-    fn to_raw(&self) -> *const ();
+    fn to_raw(&self) -> *const c_void;
 }
 
 pub trait TrapEarly<Rets>
@@ -71,19 +126,31 @@ where
 //     Func::new(f)
 // }
 
-pub struct Func<'a, Args = (), Rets = (), Safety: Safeness = Safe> {
-    f: *const (),
+pub struct Func<'a, Args = (), Rets = (), Inner: Kind = Wasm> {
+    inner: Inner,
+    f: *const c_void,
     ctx: *mut Ctx,
-    _phantom: PhantomData<(&'a (), Safety, Args, Rets)>,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<(&'a (), Args, Rets)>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, Args, Rets> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Safe>
+impl<'a, Args, Rets> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Wasm>
 where
     Args: WasmTypeList,
     Rets: WasmTypeList,
 {
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn new_from_ptr(f: *const (), ctx: *mut Ctx) -> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Safe> {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn from_raw_parts(
+        trampoline: Trampoline,
+        invoke: Invoke,
+        f: *const c_void,
+        ctx: *mut Ctx,
+        invoke_env: *mut c_void,
+    ) -> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Wasm> {
         Func {
+            inner: Wasm {
+                trampoline,
+                invoke,
+                invoke_env,
+            },
             f,
             ctx,
             _phantom: PhantomData,
@@ -91,16 +158,17 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, Args, Rets> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Unsafe>
+impl<'a, Args, Rets> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Host>
 where
     Args: WasmTypeList,
     Rets: WasmTypeList,
 {
-    pub fn new<F>(f: F) -> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Unsafe>
+    pub fn new<F>(f: F) -> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Host>
     where
         F: ExternalFunction<Args, Rets>,
     {
         Func {
+            inner: Host(()),
             f: f.to_raw(),
             ctx: ptr::null_mut(),
             _phantom: PhantomData,
@@ -108,11 +176,11 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, Args, Rets, Safety> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Safety>
+impl<'a, Args, Rets, Inner> Func<'a, Args, Rets, Inner>
 where
     Args: WasmTypeList,
     Rets: WasmTypeList,
-    Safety: Safeness,
+    Inner: Kind,
 {
     pub fn params(&self) -> &'static [Type] {
         Args::types()
@@ -124,6 +192,13 @@ where
 
 impl<A: WasmExternType> WasmTypeList for (A,) {
     type CStruct = S1<A>;
+    type RetArray = [u64; 1];
+    fn from_ret_array(array: Self::RetArray) -> Self {
+        (WasmExternType::from_bits(array[0]),)
+    }
+    fn empty_ret_array() -> Self::RetArray {
+        [0u64]
+    }
     fn from_c_struct(c_struct: Self::CStruct) -> Self {
         let S1(a) = c_struct;
         (a,)
@@ -137,19 +212,45 @@ impl<A: WasmExternType> WasmTypeList for (A,) {
         &[A::TYPE]
     }
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-    unsafe fn call<Rets: WasmTypeList>(self, f: *const (), ctx: *mut Ctx) -> Rets {
-        let f: extern "C" fn(*mut Ctx, A) -> Rets = mem::transmute(f);
+    unsafe fn call<Rets: WasmTypeList>(
+        self,
+        f: *const c_void,
+        wasm: Wasm,
+        ctx: *mut Ctx,
+    ) -> Result<Rets, WasmTrapInfo> {
+        // type Trampoline = extern "C" fn(*mut Ctx, *const c_void, *const u64, *mut u64);
+        // type Invoke = extern "C" fn(Trampoline, *mut Ctx, *const c_void, *const u64, *mut u64, &mut WasmTrapInfo) -> bool;
+
         let (a,) = self;
-        f(ctx, a)
+        let args = [a.to_bits()];
+        let mut rets = Rets::empty_ret_array();
+        let mut trap = WasmTrapInfo::Unknown;
+
+        if (wasm.invoke)(
+            wasm.trampoline,
+            ctx,
+            f,
+            args.as_ptr(),
+            rets.as_mut().as_mut_ptr(),
+            &mut trap,
+        ) {
+            Ok(Rets::from_ret_array(rets))
+        } else {
+            Err(trap)
+        }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, A: WasmExternType, Rets> Func<'a, (A,), Rets, Safe>
+impl<'a, A: WasmExternType, Rets> Func<'a, (A,), Rets, Wasm>
 where
     Rets: WasmTypeList,
 {
     pub fn call(&self, a: A) -> Result<Rets, RuntimeError> {
-        Ok(unsafe { <A as WasmTypeList>::call(a, self.f, self.ctx) })
+        unsafe { <A as WasmTypeList>::call(a, self.f, self.inner, self.ctx) }.map_err(|e| {
+            RuntimeError::Trap {
+                msg: e.to_string().into(),
+            }
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -160,6 +261,14 @@ macro_rules! impl_traits {
 
         impl< $( $x: WasmExternType, )* > WasmTypeList for ( $( $x ),* ) {
             type CStruct = $struct_name<$( $x ),*>;
+            type RetArray = [u64; count_idents!( $( $x ),* )];
+            fn from_ret_array(array: Self::RetArray) -> Self {
+                let [ $( $x ),* ] = array;
+                ( $( WasmExternType::from_bits($x) ),* )
+            }
+            fn empty_ret_array() -> Self::RetArray {
+                [0; count_idents!( $( $x ),* )]
+            }
             fn from_c_struct(c_struct: Self::CStruct) -> Self {
                 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
                 let $struct_name ( $( $x ),* ) = c_struct;
@@ -174,18 +283,33 @@ macro_rules! impl_traits {
                 &[$( $x::TYPE, )*]
             }
             #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-            unsafe fn call<Rets: WasmTypeList>(self, f: *const (), ctx: *mut Ctx) -> Rets {
-                let f: extern fn(*mut Ctx $( ,$x )*) -> Rets::CStruct = mem::transmute(f);
+            unsafe fn call<Rets: WasmTypeList>(self, f: *const c_void, wasm: Wasm, ctx: *mut Ctx) -> Result<Rets, WasmTrapInfo> {
+                // type Trampoline = extern "C" fn(*mut Ctx, *const c_void, *const u64, *mut u64);
+                // type Invoke = extern "C" fn(Trampoline, *mut Ctx, *const c_void, *const u64, *mut u64, &mut WasmTrapInfo) -> bool;
+
                 #[allow(unused_parens)]
                 let ( $( $x ),* ) = self;
-                let c_struct = f(ctx $( ,$x )*);
-                Rets::from_c_struct(c_struct)
+                let args = [ $( $x.to_bits() ),* ];
+                let mut rets = Rets::empty_ret_array();
+                let mut trap = WasmTrapInfo::Unknown;
+
+                if (wasm.invoke)(wasm.trampoline, ctx, f, args.as_ptr(), rets.as_mut().as_mut_ptr(), &mut trap) {
+                    Ok(Rets::from_ret_array(rets))
+                } else {
+                    Err(trap)
+                }
+
+                // let f: extern fn(*mut Ctx $( ,$x )*) -> Rets::CStruct = mem::transmute(f);
+                // #[allow(unused_parens)]
+                // let ( $( $x ),* ) = self;
+                // let c_struct = f(ctx $( ,$x )*);
+                // Rets::from_c_struct(c_struct)
             }
         }
 
         impl< $( $x: WasmExternType, )* Rets: WasmTypeList, Trap: TrapEarly<Rets>, FN: Fn( &mut Ctx $( ,$x )* ) -> Trap> ExternalFunction<($( $x ),*), Rets> for FN {
             #[allow(non_snake_case)]
-            fn to_raw(&self) -> *const () {
+            fn to_raw(&self) -> *const c_void {
                 assert_eq!(mem::size_of::<Self>(), 0, "you cannot use a closure that captures state for `Func`.");
 
                 extern fn wrap<$( $x: WasmExternType, )* Rets: WasmTypeList, Trap: TrapEarly<Rets>, FN: Fn( &mut Ctx $( ,$x )* ) -> Trap>( ctx: &mut Ctx $( ,$x: $x )* ) -> Rets::CStruct {
@@ -209,23 +333,36 @@ macro_rules! impl_traits {
                     }
                 }
 
-                wrap::<$( $x, )* Rets, Trap, Self> as *const ()
+                wrap::<$( $x, )* Rets, Trap, Self> as *const c_void
             }
         }
 
-        impl<'a, $( $x: WasmExternType, )* Rets> Func<'a, ( $( $x ),* ), Rets, Safe>
+        impl<'a, $( $x: WasmExternType, )* Rets> Func<'a, ( $( $x ),* ), Rets, Wasm>
         where
             Rets: WasmTypeList,
         {
             #[allow(non_snake_case)]
             pub fn call(&self, $( $x: $x, )* ) -> Result<Rets, RuntimeError> {
                 #[allow(unused_parens)]
-                Ok(unsafe { <( $( $x ),* ) as WasmTypeList>::call(( $($x),* ), self.f, self.ctx) })
+                unsafe { <( $( $x ),* ) as WasmTypeList>::call(( $($x),* ), self.f, self.inner, self.ctx) }.map_err(|e| {
+                    RuntimeError::Trap {
+                        msg: e.to_string().into(),
+                    }
+                })
             }
         }
     };
 }
 
+macro_rules! count_idents {
+    ( $($idents:ident),* ) => {{
+        #[allow(dead_code, non_camel_case_types)]
+        enum Idents { $($idents,)* __CountIdentsLast }
+        const COUNT: usize = Idents::__CountIdentsLast as usize;
+        COUNT
+    }};
+}
+
 impl_traits!([C] S0,);
 impl_traits!([transparent] S1, A);
 impl_traits!([C] S2, A, B);
@@ -240,11 +377,11 @@ impl_traits!([C] S10, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J);
 impl_traits!([C] S11, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K);
 impl_traits!([C] S12, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L);
 
-impl<'a, Args, Rets, Safety> IsExport for Func<'a, Args, Rets, Safety>
+impl<'a, Args, Rets, Inner> IsExport for Func<'a, Args, Rets, Inner>
 where
     Args: WasmTypeList,
     Rets: WasmTypeList,
-    Safety: Safeness,
+    Inner: Kind,
 {
     fn to_export(&self) -> Export {
         let func = unsafe { FuncPointer::new(self.f as _) };
diff --git a/lib/runtime-core/src/types.rs b/lib/runtime-core/src/types.rs
index 966bd4e39..79ef5da7f 100644
--- a/lib/runtime-core/src/types.rs
+++ b/lib/runtime-core/src/types.rs
@@ -76,37 +76,99 @@ where
     Self: Sized,
 {
     const TYPE: Type;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64;
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self;
 }
 
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for i8 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::I32;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self as u64
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        n as _
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for u8 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::I32;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self as u64
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        n as _
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for i16 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::I32;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self as u64
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        n as _
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for u16 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::I32;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self as u64
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        n as _
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for i32 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::I32;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self as u64
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        n as _
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for u32 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::I32;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self as u64
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        n as _
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for i64 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::I64;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self as u64
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        n as _
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for u64 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::I64;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        n
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for f32 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::F32;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self.to_bits() as u64
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        f32::from_bits(n as u32)
+    }
 }
 unsafe impl WasmExternType for f64 {
     const TYPE: Type = Type::F64;
+    fn to_bits(self) -> u64 {
+        self.to_bits()
+    }
+    fn from_bits(n: u64) -> Self {
+        f64::from_bits(n)
+    }
 }
 
 // pub trait IntegerAtomic