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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="API documentation for the Rust `scroll` crate."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang, scroll"><title>scroll - Rust</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../normalize.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../rustdoc.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../dark.css"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../light.css" id="themeStyle"><script src="../storage.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../noscript.css"></noscript><link rel="shortcut icon" href="../favicon.ico"><style type="text/css">#crate-search{background-image:url("../down-arrow.svg");}</style></head><body class="rustdoc mod"><!--[if lte IE 8]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-menu">☰</div><a href='../scroll/index.html'><div class='logo-container'><img src='../rust-logo.png' alt='logo'></div></a><p class='location'>Crate scroll</p><div class="sidebar-elems"><a id='all-types' href='all.html'><p>See all scroll's items</p></a><div class="block items"><ul><li><a href="#modules">Modules</a></li><li><a href="#structs">Structs</a></li><li><a href="#enums">Enums</a></li><li><a href="#constants">Constants</a></li><li><a href="#traits">Traits</a></li><li><a href="#types">Type Definitions</a></li></ul></div><p class='location'></p><script>window.sidebarCurrent = {name: 'scroll', ty: 'mod', relpath: '../'};</script></div></nav><div class="theme-picker"><button id="theme-picker" aria-label="Pick another theme!"><img src="../brush.svg" width="18" alt="Pick another theme!"></button><div id="theme-choices"></div></div><script src="../theme.js"></script><nav class="sub"><form class="search-form js-only"><div class="search-container"><div><select id="crate-search"><option value="All crates">All crates</option></select><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"></div><a id="settings-menu" href="../settings.html"><img src="../wheel.svg" width="18" alt="Change settings"></a></div></form></nav><section id="main" class="content"><h1 class='fqn'><span class='out-of-band'><span id='render-detail'><a id="toggle-all-docs" href="javascript:void(0)" title="collapse all docs">[<span class='inner'>−</span>]</a></span><a class='srclink' href='../src/scroll/lib.rs.html#1-534' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span><span class='in-band'>Crate <a class="mod" href=''>scroll</a></span></h1><div class='docblock'><h1 id="scroll" class="section-header"><a href="#scroll">Scroll</a></h1>
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<pre><code class="language-text,"> _______________
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()==( (@==()
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'______________'|
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| ἀρετή |
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__)_____________|
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()==( (@==()
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'--------------'
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</code></pre>
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<p>Scroll is a library for efficiently and easily reading/writing types from byte arrays. All the builtin types are supported, e.g., <code>u32</code>, <code>i8</code>, etc., where the type is specified as a type parameter, or type inferred when possible. In addition, it supports zero-copy reading of string slices, or any other kind of slice. The library can be used in a no_std context as well; the <a href="enum.Error.html">Error</a> type only has the <code>IO</code> and <code>String</code> variants if the default features are used, and is <code>no_std</code> safe when compiled without default features.</p>
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<p>There are 3 traits for reading that you can import:</p>
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<ol>
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<li><a href="trait.Pread.html">Pread</a>, for reading (immutable) data at an offset;</li>
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<li><a href="trait.Gread.html">Gread</a>, for reading data at an offset which automatically gets incremented by the size;</li>
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<li><a href="trait.IOread.html">IOread</a>, for reading <em>simple</em> data out of a <code>std::io::Read</code> based interface, e.g., a stream. (<strong>Note</strong>: only available when compiled with <code>std</code>)</li>
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</ol>
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<p>Each of these interfaces also have their corresponding writer versions as well, e.g., <a href="trait.Pwrite.html">Pwrite</a>, <a href="trait.Gwrite.html">Gwrite</a>, and <a href="trait.IOwrite.html">IOwrite</a>, respectively.</p>
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<p>Most familiar will likely be the <code>Pread</code> trait (inspired from the C function), which in our case takes an immutable reference to self, an immutable offset to read at, (and <em>optionally</em> a parsing context, more on that later), and then returns the deserialized value.</p>
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<p>Because self is immutable, <em><strong>all</strong> reads can be performed in parallel</em> and hence are trivially parallelizable.</p>
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<p>For most usecases, you can use <a href="https://docs.rs/scroll_derive">scroll_derive</a> to annotate your types with <code>derive(Pread, Pwrite, IOread, IOwrite, SizeWith)</code> to automatically add sensible derive defaults, and you should be ready to roll. For more complex usescases, you can implement the conversion traits yourself, see the <a href="ctx/index.html">context module</a> for more information.</p>
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<h1 id="example" class="section-header"><a href="#example">Example</a></h1>
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<p>A simple example demonstrates its flexibility:</p>
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<div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">scroll</span>::{<span class="ident">ctx</span>, <span class="ident">Pread</span>, <span class="ident">LE</span>};
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>: [<span class="ident">u8</span>; <span class="number">4</span>] <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="number">0xde</span>, <span class="number">0xad</span>, <span class="number">0xbe</span>, <span class="number">0xef</span>];
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<span class="comment">// reads a u32 out of `b` with the endianness of the host machine, at offset 0, turbofish-style</span>
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">number</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>.<span class="ident">pread</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">u32</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="number">0</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="comment">// ...or a byte, with type ascription on the binding.</span>
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">byte</span>: <span class="ident">u8</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>.<span class="ident">pread</span>(<span class="number">0</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="comment">//If the type is known another way by the compiler, say reading into a struct field, we can omit the turbofish, and type ascription altogether!</span>
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<span class="comment">// If we want, we can explicitly add a endianness to read with by calling `pread_with`.</span>
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<span class="comment">// The following reads a u32 out of `b` with Big Endian byte order, at offset 0</span>
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">be_number</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>.<span class="ident">pread_with</span>(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="ident">scroll</span>::<span class="ident">BE</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="comment">// or a u16 - specify the type either on the variable or with the beloved turbofish</span>
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">be_number2</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>.<span class="ident">pread_with</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">u16</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="number">2</span>, <span class="ident">scroll</span>::<span class="ident">BE</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="comment">// Scroll has core friendly errors (no allocation). This will have the type `scroll::Error::BadOffset` because it tried to read beyond the bound</span>
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">byte</span>: <span class="ident">scroll</span>::<span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">i64</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>.<span class="ident">pread</span>(<span class="number">0</span>);
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<span class="comment">// Scroll is extensible: as long as the type implements `TryWithCtx`, then you can read your type out of the byte array!</span>
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<span class="comment">// We can parse out custom datatypes, or types with lifetimes</span>
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<span class="comment">// if they implement the conversion trait `TryFromCtx`; here we parse a C-style \0 delimited &str (safely)</span>
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">hello</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">b"hello_world\0more words"</span>;
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">hello_world</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">str</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">hello</span>.<span class="ident">pread</span>(<span class="number">0</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="macro">assert_eq</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">"hello_world"</span>, <span class="ident">hello_world</span>);
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<span class="comment">// ... and this parses the string if its space separated!</span>
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">scroll</span>::<span class="ident">ctx</span>::<span class="kw-2">*</span>;
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">spaces</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span>[<span class="ident">u8</span>] <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">b"hello world some junk"</span>;
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">world</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">str</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">spaces</span>.<span class="ident">pread_with</span>(<span class="number">6</span>, <span class="ident">StrCtx</span>::<span class="ident">Delimiter</span>(<span class="ident">SPACE</span>)).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="macro">assert_eq</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">"world"</span>, <span class="ident">world</span>);</pre></div>
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<h1 id="stdio-api" class="section-header"><a href="#stdio-api"><code>std::io</code> API</a></h1>
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<p>Scroll can also read/write simple types from a <code>std::io::Read</code> or <code>std::io::Write</code> implementor. The built-in numeric types are taken care of for you. If you want to read a custom type, you need to implement the <a href="trait.FromCtx.html">FromCtx</a> (<em>how</em> to parse) and <a href="ctx/trait.SizeWith.html">SizeWith</a> (<em>how</em> big the parsed thing will be) traits. You must compile with default features. For example:</p>
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<div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">std</span>::<span class="ident">io</span>::<span class="ident">Cursor</span>;
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">scroll</span>::<span class="ident">IOread</span>;
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">bytes_</span> <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="number">0x01</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>, <span class="number">0xef</span>,<span class="number">0xbe</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>,<span class="number">0x00</span>,];
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">Cursor</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">bytes_</span>);
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<span class="comment">// this will bump the cursor's Seek</span>
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">foo</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>.<span class="ident">ioread</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">u64</span><span class="op">></span>().<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="comment">// ..ditto</span>
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">bar</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>.<span class="ident">ioread</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">u32</span><span class="op">></span>().<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();</pre></div>
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<p>Similarly, we can write to anything that implements <code>std::io::Write</code> quite naturally:</p>
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<div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">scroll</span>::{<span class="ident">IOwrite</span>, <span class="ident">LE</span>, <span class="ident">BE</span>};
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">std</span>::<span class="ident">io</span>::{<span class="ident">Write</span>, <span class="ident">Cursor</span>};
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span> <span class="op">=</span> [<span class="number">0x0u8</span>; <span class="number">10</span>];
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">cursor</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">Cursor</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>[..]);
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<span class="ident">cursor</span>.<span class="ident">write_all</span>(<span class="string">b"hello"</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="ident">cursor</span>.<span class="ident">iowrite_with</span>(<span class="number">0xdeadbeef</span> <span class="kw">as</span> <span class="ident">u32</span>, <span class="ident">BE</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="macro">assert_eq</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="ident">cursor</span>.<span class="ident">into_inner</span>(), [<span class="number">0x68</span>, <span class="number">0x65</span>, <span class="number">0x6c</span>, <span class="number">0x6c</span>, <span class="number">0x6f</span>, <span class="number">0xde</span>, <span class="number">0xad</span>, <span class="number">0xbe</span>, <span class="number">0xef</span>, <span class="number">0x0</span>]);</pre></div>
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<h1 id="advanced-uses" class="section-header"><a href="#advanced-uses">Advanced Uses</a></h1>
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<p>Scroll is designed to be highly configurable - it allows you to implement various context (<code>Ctx</code>) sensitive traits, which then grants the implementor <em>automatic</em> uses of the <code>Pread</code> and/or <code>Pwrite</code> traits.</p>
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<p>For example, suppose we have a datatype and we want to specify how to parse or serialize this datatype out of some arbitrary
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byte buffer. In order to do this, we need to provide a <a href="trait.TryFromCtx.html">TryFromCtx</a> impl for our datatype.</p>
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<p>In particular, if we do this for the <code>[u8]</code> target, using the convention <code>(usize, YourCtx)</code>, you will automatically get access to
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calling <code>pread_with::<YourDatatype></code> on arrays of bytes.</p>
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<div class="example-wrap"><pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">scroll</span>::{<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="ident">ctx</span>, <span class="ident">Pread</span>, <span class="ident">BE</span>, <span class="ident">Endian</span>};
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<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Data</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span> {
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<span class="ident">name</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> <span class="ident">str</span>,
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<span class="ident">id</span>: <span class="ident">u32</span>,
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}
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<span class="comment">// note the lifetime specified here</span>
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<span class="kw">impl</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="ident">ctx</span>::<span class="ident">TryFromCtx</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span>, <span class="ident">Endian</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="kw">for</span> <span class="ident">Data</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span><span class="op">></span> {
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<span class="kw">type</span> <span class="ident">Error</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">scroll</span>::<span class="ident">Error</span>;
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<span class="kw">type</span> <span class="ident">Size</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">usize</span>;
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<span class="comment">// and the lifetime annotation on `&'a [u8]` here</span>
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<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">try_from_ctx</span> (<span class="ident">src</span>: <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="lifetime">'a</span> [<span class="ident">u8</span>], <span class="ident">endian</span>: <span class="ident">Endian</span>)
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<span class="op">-</span><span class="op">></span> <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op"><</span>(<span class="self">Self</span>, <span class="self">Self</span>::<span class="ident">Size</span>), <span class="self">Self</span>::<span class="ident">Error</span><span class="op">></span> {
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">offset</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="number">0</span>;
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">name</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">src</span>.<span class="ident">gread</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="kw-2">&</span><span class="ident">str</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">offset</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">id</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">src</span>.<span class="ident">gread_with</span>(<span class="ident">offset</span>, <span class="ident">endian</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
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<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>((<span class="ident">Data</span> { <span class="ident">name</span>: <span class="ident">name</span>, <span class="ident">id</span>: <span class="ident">id</span> }, <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="ident">offset</span>))
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}
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}
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">b"UserName\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04"</span>;
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">data</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>.<span class="ident">pread_with</span>::<span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">Data</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="number">0</span>, <span class="ident">BE</span>).<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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<span class="macro">assert_eq</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="ident">data</span>.<span class="ident">id</span>, <span class="number">0x01020304</span>);
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<span class="macro">assert_eq</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="ident">data</span>.<span class="ident">name</span>.<span class="ident">to_string</span>(), <span class="string">"UserName"</span>.<span class="ident">to_string</span>());</pre></div>
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<p>Please see the <a href="trait.Pread.html#implementing-your-own-reader">Pread documentation examples</a></p>
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</div><h2 id='modules' class='section-header'><a href="#modules">Modules</a></h2>
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<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="mod" href="ctx/index.html" title='scroll::ctx mod'>ctx</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Generic context-aware conversion traits, for automatic <em>downstream</em> extension of <code>Pread</code>, et. al</p>
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</td></tr></table><h2 id='structs' class='section-header'><a href="#structs">Structs</a></h2>
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<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="struct" href="struct.Sleb128.html" title='scroll::Sleb128 struct'>Sleb128</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>An signed leb128 integer</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="struct" href="struct.Uleb128.html" title='scroll::Uleb128 struct'>Uleb128</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>An unsigned leb128 integer</p>
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</td></tr></table><h2 id='enums' class='section-header'><a href="#enums">Enums</a></h2>
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<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="enum" href="enum.Endian.html" title='scroll::Endian enum'>Endian</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The endianness (byte order) of a stream of bytes</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="enum" href="enum.Error.html" title='scroll::Error enum'>Error</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A custom Scroll error</p>
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</td></tr></table><h2 id='constants' class='section-header'><a href="#constants">Constants</a></h2>
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<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="constant" href="constant.BE.html" title='scroll::BE constant'>BE</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Big Endian byte order context</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="constant" href="constant.LE.html" title='scroll::LE constant'>LE</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Little Endian byte order context</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="constant" href="constant.NATIVE.html" title='scroll::NATIVE constant'>NATIVE</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>The machine's native byte order</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="constant" href="constant.NETWORK.html" title='scroll::NETWORK constant'>NETWORK</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Network byte order context</p>
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</td></tr></table><h2 id='traits' class='section-header'><a href="#traits">Traits</a></h2>
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<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="trait" href="trait.Cread.html" title='scroll::Cread trait'>Cread</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Core-read - core, no_std friendly trait for reading basic traits from byte buffers. Cannot fail unless the buffer is too small, in which case an assert fires and the program panics.</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="trait" href="trait.Cwrite.html" title='scroll::Cwrite trait'>Cwrite</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Core-write - core, no_std friendly trait for writing basic types into byte buffers. Cannot fail unless the buffer is too small, in which case an assert fires and the program panics.
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Similar to <a href="trait.Cread.html">Cread</a>, if your type implements <a href="trait.IntoCtx.html">IntoCtx</a> then you can <code>cwrite(your_type, offset)</code>.</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="trait" href="trait.IOread.html" title='scroll::IOread trait'>IOread</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>An extension trait to <code>std::io::Read</code> streams; this only deserializes simple types, like <code>u8</code>, <code>i32</code>, <code>f32</code>, <code>usize</code>, etc.</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="trait" href="trait.IOwrite.html" title='scroll::IOwrite trait'>IOwrite</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>An extension trait to <code>std::io::Write</code> streams; this only serializes simple types, like <code>u8</code>, <code>i32</code>, <code>f32</code>, <code>usize</code>, etc.</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="trait" href="trait.Pread.html" title='scroll::Pread trait'>Pread</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>A very generic, contextual pread interface in Rust. Allows completely parallelized reads, as <code>Self</code> is immutable</p>
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</td></tr><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="trait" href="trait.Pwrite.html" title='scroll::Pwrite trait'>Pwrite</a></td><td class='docblock-short'><p>Writes into <code>Self</code> at an offset of type <code>I</code> using a <code>Ctx</code></p>
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</td></tr></table><h2 id='types' class='section-header'><a href="#types">Type Definitions</a></h2>
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<table><tr class='module-item'><td><a class="type" href="type.Result.html" title='scroll::Result type'>Result</a></td><td class='docblock-short'></td></tr></table></section><section id="search" class="content hidden"></section><section class="footer"></section><aside id="help" class="hidden"><div><h1 class="hidden">Help</h1><div class="shortcuts"><h2>Keyboard Shortcuts</h2><dl><dt><kbd>?</kbd></dt><dd>Show this help dialog</dd><dt><kbd>S</kbd></dt><dd>Focus the search field</dd><dt><kbd>↑</kbd></dt><dd>Move up in search results</dd><dt><kbd>↓</kbd></dt><dd>Move down in search results</dd><dt><kbd>↹</kbd></dt><dd>Switch tab</dd><dt><kbd>⏎</kbd></dt><dd>Go to active search result</dd><dt><kbd>+</kbd></dt><dd>Expand all sections</dd><dt><kbd>-</kbd></dt><dd>Collapse all sections</dd></dl></div><div class="infos"><h2>Search Tricks</h2><p>Prefix searches with a type followed by a colon (e.g., <code>fn:</code>) to restrict the search to a given type.</p><p>Accepted types are: <code>fn</code>, <code>mod</code>, <code>struct</code>, <code>enum</code>, <code>trait</code>, <code>type</code>, <code>macro</code>, and <code>const</code>.</p><p>Search functions by type signature (e.g., <code>vec -> usize</code> or <code>* -> vec</code>)</p><p>Search multiple things at once by splitting your query with comma (e.g., <code>str,u8</code> or <code>String,struct:Vec,test</code>)</p></div></div></aside><script>window.rootPath = "../";window.currentCrate = "scroll";</script><script src="../aliases.js"></script><script src="../main.js"></script><script defer src="../search-index.js"></script></body></html>
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