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<ol class="chapter"><li class="affix"><a href="../introduction.html">Introduction</a></li><li class="spacer"></li><li><a href="../examples/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> Examples</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../examples/hello-world.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> Hello, World!</a></li><li><a href="../examples/console-log.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> Using console.log</a></li><li><a href="../examples/add.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Small wasm files</a></li><li><a href="../examples/without-a-bundler.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.4.</strong> Without a Bundler</a></li><li><a href="../examples/wasm2js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.5.</strong> Converting WebAssembly to JS</a></li><li><a href="../examples/import-js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.6.</strong> Importing functions from JS</a></li><li><a href="../examples/char.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.7.</strong> Working with char</a></li><li><a href="../examples/wasm-in-wasm.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.8.</strong> js-sys: WebAssembly in WebAssembly</a></li><li><a href="../examples/dom.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.9.</strong> web-sys: DOM hello world</a></li><li><a href="../examples/closures.html" class="active"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.10.</strong> web-sys: Closures</a></li><li><a href="../examples/performance.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.11.</strong> web-sys: performance.now</a></li><li><a href="../examples/fetch.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.12.</strong> web-sys: using fetch</a></li><li><a href="../examples/2d-canvas.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.13.</strong> web-sys: canvas hello world</a></li><li><a href="../examples/julia.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.14.</strong> web-sys: canvas Julia set</a></li><li><a href="../examples/web-audio.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.15.</strong> web-sys: WebAudio</a></li><li><a href="../examples/webgl.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.16.</strong> web-sys: WebGL</a></li><li><a href="../examples/websockets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.17.</strong> web-sys: WebSockets</a></li><li><a href="../examples/webrtc_datachannel.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.18.</strong> web-sys: WebRTC DataChannel</a></li><li><a href="../examples/request-animation-frame.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.19.</strong> web-sys: requestAnimationFrame</a></li><li><a href="../examples/paint.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.20.</strong> web-sys: A Simple Paint Program</a></li><li><a href="../examples/raytrace.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.21.</strong> Parallel Raytracing</a></li><li><a href="../examples/todomvc.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.22.</strong> web-sys: A TODO MVC App</a></li></ol></li><li><a href="../reference/index.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Reference</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li><a href="../reference/deployment.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> Deployment</a></li><li><a href="../reference/js-snippets.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> JS snippets</a></li><li><a href="../reference/passing-rust-closures-to-js.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> Passing Rust Closures to JS</a></li><li><a href="../reference/receiving-js-closures-in-rust.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> Receiving JS Closures in Rust</a></li><li><a href="../reference/js-promises-and-rust-futures.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> Promises and Futures</a></li><li><a href="../reference/iterating-over-js-values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> Iterating over JS Values</a></li><li><a href="../reference/arbitrary-data-with-serde.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> Arbitrary Data with Serde</a></li><li><a href="../reference/accessing-properties-of-untyped-js-values.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> Accessing Properties of Untyped JS Values</a></li><li><a href="../reference/working-with-duck-typed-interfaces.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.</strong> Working with Duck-Typed Interfaces</a></li><li>
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This is the <strong>unpublished</strong> documentation of
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<a href="https://rustwasm.github.io/docs/wasm-bindgen/">
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on the main Rust and WebAssembly documentation site
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<h1 class="menu-title">The `wasm-bindgen` Guide</h1>
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<main>
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<h1><a class="header" href="#web-sys-closures" id="web-sys-closures">web-sys: Closures</a></h1>
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<p><a href="https://github.com/rustwasm/wasm-bindgen/tree/master/examples/closures">View full source code</a> or <a href="https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/exbuild/closures/">view the compiled example online</a></p>
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<p>One of the features of <code>#[wasm_bindgen]</code> is that you can pass closures defined
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in Rust off to JS. This can be a bit tricky at times, though, so the example
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here shows how to interact with some standard web APIs with closures.</p>
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<h2><a class="header" href="#srclibrs" id="srclibrs"><code>src/lib.rs</code></a></h2>
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<pre><pre class="playpen"><code class="language-rust">
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# #![allow(unused_variables)]
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#fn main() {
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use js_sys::{Array, Date};
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use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
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use wasm_bindgen::JsCast;
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use web_sys::{Document, Element, HtmlElement, Window};
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#[wasm_bindgen(start)]
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pub fn run() -> Result<(), JsValue> {
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let window = web_sys::window().expect("should have a window in this context");
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let document = window.document().expect("window should have a document");
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// One of the first interesting things we can do with closures is simply
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// access stack data in Rust!
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let array = Array::new();
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array.push(&"Hello".into());
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array.push(&1.into());
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let mut first_item = None;
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array.for_each(&mut |obj, idx, _arr| match idx {
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0 => {
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assert_eq!(obj, "Hello");
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first_item = obj.as_string();
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}
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1 => assert_eq!(obj, 1),
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_ => panic!("unknown index: {}", idx),
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});
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assert_eq!(first_item, Some("Hello".to_string()));
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// Below are some more advanced usages of the `Closure` type for closures
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// that need to live beyond our function call.
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setup_clock(&window, &document)?;
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setup_clicker(&document);
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// And now that our demo is ready to go let's switch things up so
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// everything is displayed and our loading prompt is hidden.
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document
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.get_element_by_id("loading")
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.expect("should have #loading on the page")
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.dyn_ref::<HtmlElement>()
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.expect("#loading should be an `HtmlElement`")
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.style()
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.set_property("display", "none")?;
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document
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.get_element_by_id("script")
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.expect("should have #script on the page")
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.dyn_ref::<HtmlElement>()
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.expect("#script should be an `HtmlElement`")
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.style()
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.set_property("display", "block")?;
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Ok(())
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}
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// Set up a clock on our page and update it each second to ensure it's got
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// an accurate date.
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//
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// Note the usage of `Closure` here because the closure is "long lived",
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// basically meaning it has to persist beyond the call to this one function.
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// Also of note here is the `.as_ref().unchecked_ref()` chain, which is how
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// you can extract `&Function`, what `web-sys` expects, from a `Closure`
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// which only hands you `&JsValue` via `AsRef`.
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fn setup_clock(window: &Window, document: &Document) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
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let current_time = document
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.get_element_by_id("current-time")
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.expect("should have #current-time on the page");
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update_time(&current_time);
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let a = Closure::wrap(Box::new(move || update_time(&current_time)) as Box<dyn Fn()>);
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window
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.set_interval_with_callback_and_timeout_and_arguments_0(a.as_ref().unchecked_ref(), 1000)?;
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fn update_time(current_time: &Element) {
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current_time.set_inner_html(&String::from(
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Date::new_0().to_locale_string("en-GB", &JsValue::undefined()),
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));
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}
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// The instance of `Closure` that we created will invalidate its
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// corresponding JS callback whenever it is dropped, so if we were to
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// normally return from `setup_clock` then our registered closure will
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// raise an exception when invoked.
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//
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// Normally we'd store the handle to later get dropped at an appropriate
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// time but for now we want it to be a global handler so we use the
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// `forget` method to drop it without invalidating the closure. Note that
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// this is leaking memory in Rust, so this should be done judiciously!
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a.forget();
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Ok(())
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}
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// We also want to count the number of times that our green square has been
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// clicked. Our callback will update the `#num-clicks` div.
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//
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// This is pretty similar above, but showing how closures can also implement
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// `FnMut()`.
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fn setup_clicker(document: &Document) {
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let num_clicks = document
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.get_element_by_id("num-clicks")
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.expect("should have #num-clicks on the page");
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let mut clicks = 0;
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let a = Closure::wrap(Box::new(move || {
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clicks += 1;
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num_clicks.set_inner_html(&clicks.to_string());
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}) as Box<dyn FnMut()>);
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document
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.get_element_by_id("green-square")
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.expect("should have #green-square on the page")
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.dyn_ref::<HtmlElement>()
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.expect("#green-square be an `HtmlElement`")
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.set_onclick(Some(a.as_ref().unchecked_ref()));
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// See comments in `setup_clock` above for why we use `a.forget()`.
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a.forget();
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}
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#}</code></pre></pre>
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