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# Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a programming language and executable choreography tool for distributed applications and backends. Aquamarine manages the communication and coordination between services, devices, and APIs without introducing any centralized gateway and can be used to express various distributed systems: from simple request-response to comprehensive network consensus algorithms.
Fluence's Aquamarine stack is comprised of Aqua and Marine. Aqua is a programming language and runtime environment for peer-to-peer workflows. Marine, on the other hand, is a general purpose runtime that executes hosted code on nodes, whereas Aqua facilitates the programming of workflows composed from hosted code. In combination, Aqua and Marine enable any distributed application.
At the core of Aquamarine is the design ideal and idea to pair concurrent systems, and especially decentralized networks, with a programing and execution tool chain to avoid centralized bottlenecks commonly introduced with [workflow engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workflow_engine) and [Business rule engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rules_engine). This not only makes Aquamarine the rosetta stone of the Fluence solution but also a very powerful generic coordination and composition medium.
At the core of Aqua is the design ideal and idea to pair concurrent systems, and especially decentralized networks, with a programming and execution tool chain to avoid centralized bottlenecks commonly introduced with workflow engines and business rule engines. To this end, Aqua manages the communication and coordination between services, devices, and APIs without introducing a centralized gateway and can be used to express various distributed systems: from simple request-response models to comprehensive network consensus algorithms.
## Background
When we build systems, we need to be able to model, specify, analyze and verify them and this is especially important to concurrent systems such as parallel and multi-threaded systems. [Formal specification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_specification) are a family of formal approaches to design, model, and verify system. In the context of concurrent systems, there are two distinct formal specification techniques available. The state oriented approach is concerned with modeling verifying a systems state and state transitions and is often accomplished with [TLA+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLA%2B). Modern blockchain design, modeling, and verification tend to rely on a state-based specification.
An alternative, complementary approach is based on [Process calculus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_calculus) to model and verify the sequence of communications operations of a system at any given time. [π-Calculs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0-calculus) is a modern process calculus employed in a wide range of applications ranging from biology to games and business processes.
Aquamarine, Fluence's distributed composition language and runtime, is based on π-calculus and provides a solid theoretical basis toward the design, modeling, implementation, and verification of a wide class of distributed, peer-to-peer networks, applications and backends.
## Language
[Aquamarine Intermediate Representation](https://github.com/boneyard93501/docs/tree/a512080f81137fb575a5b96d3f3e83fa3044fd1c/src/knowledge-base/knowledge_aquamarine__air.md) \(AIR\) is a low-level language modeled after the [WebAssembly text format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly/Understanding_the_text_format) and allows developers to manage network peers as well as services and backends. AIR, while intended as a compile target, is currently the only Aquamarine language implementation although a high level language \(HLL\) is currently under active development.
## Runtime
The Aquamarine runtime is a virtual machine executed by the [Fluence Compute Engine](https://github.com/boneyard93501/docs/tree/a512080f81137fb575a5b96d3f3e83fa3044fd1c/src/knowledge-base/knowledge_fce.md) \(FCE\) running not only on every Fluence network peer but also on every frontend client. The distributed runtime availability per node not only aids in decentralized service discovery and execution at the same level of decentralization of the network, which is of significant importance. Moreover, with running execution scripts on both the client and the \(remote\) nodes, a high degree of auditability and verifiability can be attained.

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[Marine](https://github.com/fluencelabs/marine) is a general purpose WebAssembly runtime favoring Wasm modules based on the [ECS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_component_system) pattern or plugin architecture and uses Wasm [Interface Types](https://github.com/WebAssembly/interface-types/blob/master/proposals/interface-types/Explainer.mdhttps://github.com/WebAssembly/interface-types/blob/master/proposals/interface-types/Explainer.md) \( IT\) to implement a [shared-nothing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared-nothing_architecture) linking scheme. Fluence [nodes](https://github.com/fluencelabs/fluence) use Marine to host the Aqua VM and execute hosted Wasm services.
Todo: we could really do with diagram
The [Marine Rust SDK](https://github.com/fluencelabs/marine-rs-sdk) allows to hide the IT implementation details behind a handy procedural macro `[marine]` and provides the scaffolding for unit tests.