diff --git a/std/assembly/array.ts b/std/assembly/array.ts
index ccbd9e6b..1771618b 100644
--- a/std/assembly/array.ts
+++ b/std/assembly/array.ts
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ export class Array<T> extends ArrayBufferView {
   // length is modified in a way that a null value would exist. Otherwise, the compiler wouldn't be
   // able to guarantee type-safety anymore. For lack of a better word, such an array is "holey".
 
+  // Also note that capacity, not length, indicates the actual retained contents.
+
   private length_: i32;
 
   static isArray<U>(value: U): bool {
@@ -244,19 +246,24 @@ export class Array<T> extends ArrayBufferView {
     var last  = end < 0 ? max(len + end, 0) : min(end, len);
     var count = min(last - from, len - to);
 
-    if (from < to && to < (from + count)) {
-      from += count - 1;
-      to   += count - 1;
-      while (count) {
-        store<T>(dataStart + (<usize>to << alignof<T>()), load<T>(dataStart + (<usize>from << alignof<T>())));
-        --from, --to, --count;
-      }
+    if (isManaged<T>()) {
+      // TODO: retain/release + consider intersection, only releasing what's removed
+      ERROR("not implemented");
     } else {
-      memory.copy(
-        dataStart + (<usize>to << alignof<T>()),
-        dataStart + (<usize>from << alignof<T>()),
-        <usize>count << alignof<T>()
-      );
+      if (from < to && to < (from + count)) {
+        from += count - 1;
+        to   += count - 1;
+        while (count) {
+          store<T>(dataStart + (<usize>to << alignof<T>()), load<T>(dataStart + (<usize>from << alignof<T>())));
+          --from, --to, --count;
+        }
+      } else {
+        memory.copy(
+          dataStart + (<usize>to << alignof<T>()),
+          dataStart + (<usize>from << alignof<T>()),
+          <usize>count << alignof<T>()
+        );
+      }
     }
     return this;
   }
diff --git a/tests/compiler/assert-nonnull.optimized.wat b/tests/compiler/assert-nonnull.optimized.wat
index aad21ac7..416aa0f0 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/assert-nonnull.optimized.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/assert-nonnull.optimized.wat
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 24
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/assert-nonnull.untouched.wat b/tests/compiler/assert-nonnull.untouched.wat
index 8383cf20..57d33b37 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/assert-nonnull.untouched.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/assert-nonnull.untouched.wat
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 24
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/retain-release-sanity.optimized.wat b/tests/compiler/retain-release-sanity.optimized.wat
index 1880dc5f..c87cc3af 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/retain-release-sanity.optimized.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/retain-release-sanity.optimized.wat
@@ -2015,7 +2015,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 424
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 266
+   i32.const 273
    i32.const 20
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/retain-release-sanity.untouched.wat b/tests/compiler/retain-release-sanity.untouched.wat
index c0006def..4567ba53 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/retain-release-sanity.untouched.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/retain-release-sanity.untouched.wat
@@ -3782,7 +3782,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 424
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 266
+   i32.const 273
    i32.const 20
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -3824,7 +3824,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 472
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 56
+   i32.const 58
    i32.const 20
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -3855,7 +3855,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 472
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 56
+   i32.const 58
    i32.const 20
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/array-access.optimized.wat b/tests/compiler/std/array-access.optimized.wat
index d2c34e06..e480a43b 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/array-access.optimized.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/array-access.optimized.wat
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 24
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/array-access.untouched.wat b/tests/compiler/std/array-access.untouched.wat
index 07739465..cc1f1ae2 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/array-access.untouched.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/array-access.untouched.wat
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 24
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 24
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 24
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 184
    i32.const 136
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/array-literal.optimized.wat b/tests/compiler/std/array-literal.optimized.wat
index 461dad0a..3bdd0d17 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/array-literal.optimized.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/array-literal.optimized.wat
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 136
    i32.const 192
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 136
    i32.const 192
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/array-literal.untouched.wat b/tests/compiler/std/array-literal.untouched.wat
index c84d58e3..a42ca1e6 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/array-literal.untouched.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/array-literal.untouched.wat
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 136
    i32.const 192
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 136
    i32.const 192
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/array.optimized.wat b/tests/compiler/std/array.optimized.wat
index 36b34767..921ccc02 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/array.optimized.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/array.optimized.wat
@@ -2367,7 +2367,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -2521,7 +2521,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -2858,7 +2858,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 872
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 266
+   i32.const 273
    i32.const 20
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -2905,7 +2905,7 @@
    call $~lib/rt/pure/__release
    i32.const 272
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 213
+   i32.const 215
    i32.const 59
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -3144,7 +3144,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 872
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 327
+   i32.const 334
    i32.const 20
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -3985,7 +3985,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -5397,7 +5397,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -5911,7 +5911,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 272
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 45
+   i32.const 47
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -6187,7 +6187,7 @@
    call $~lib/rt/pure/__release
    i32.const 4040
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 112
+   i32.const 114
    i32.const 38
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -6443,7 +6443,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 4040
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -6457,7 +6457,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -6636,7 +6636,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/array.untouched.wat b/tests/compiler/std/array.untouched.wat
index d3c50dca..b1e44bc6 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/array.untouched.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/array.untouched.wat
@@ -4243,7 +4243,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -4448,7 +4448,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -4856,7 +4856,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -4877,7 +4877,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 872
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 266
+   i32.const 273
    i32.const 20
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -4933,7 +4933,7 @@
    block
     i32.const 272
     i32.const 488
-    i32.const 213
+    i32.const 215
     i32.const 59
     call $~lib/builtins/abort
     unreachable
@@ -5296,7 +5296,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 872
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 327
+   i32.const 334
    i32.const 20
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -6337,7 +6337,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -8288,7 +8288,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -9390,7 +9390,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 272
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 45
+   i32.const 47
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -9669,7 +9669,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 272
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 45
+   i32.const 47
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -9739,7 +9739,7 @@
    block
     i32.const 4040
     i32.const 488
-    i32.const 112
+    i32.const 114
     i32.const 38
     call $~lib/builtins/abort
     unreachable
@@ -10033,7 +10033,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 4040
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -10047,7 +10047,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -10161,7 +10161,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 272
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 45
+   i32.const 47
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -10246,7 +10246,7 @@
    block
     i32.const 4040
     i32.const 488
-    i32.const 112
+    i32.const 114
     i32.const 38
     call $~lib/builtins/abort
     unreachable
@@ -10534,7 +10534,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 4040
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -10548,7 +10548,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -10853,7 +10853,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -11356,7 +11356,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 272
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 45
+   i32.const 47
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -11632,7 +11632,7 @@
    block
     i32.const 4040
     i32.const 488
-    i32.const 112
+    i32.const 114
     i32.const 38
     call $~lib/builtins/abort
     unreachable
@@ -11898,7 +11898,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 4040
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -11912,7 +11912,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 176
    i32.const 488
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/static-array.optimized.wat b/tests/compiler/std/static-array.optimized.wat
index 86f53a41..da87c808 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/static-array.optimized.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/static-array.optimized.wat
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 320
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 320
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 320
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 320
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/static-array.untouched.wat b/tests/compiler/std/static-array.untouched.wat
index ec02fc8a..b061cafb 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/static-array.untouched.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/static-array.untouched.wat
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 320
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -1999,7 +1999,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 320
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -2067,7 +2067,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 320
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 320
    i32.const 376
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/string.optimized.wat b/tests/compiler/std/string.optimized.wat
index c262311a..bcc96242 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/string.optimized.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/string.optimized.wat
@@ -4018,7 +4018,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 2296
    i32.const 2248
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -4032,7 +4032,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 232
    i32.const 2248
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/string.untouched.wat b/tests/compiler/std/string.untouched.wat
index 47f6e9b0..fd7f3f21 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/string.untouched.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/string.untouched.wat
@@ -6331,7 +6331,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 2296
    i32.const 2248
-   i32.const 97
+   i32.const 99
    i32.const 45
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -6345,7 +6345,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 232
    i32.const 2248
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/typedarray.optimized.wat b/tests/compiler/std/typedarray.optimized.wat
index 12954972..93e7c6aa 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/typedarray.optimized.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/typedarray.optimized.wat
@@ -3354,7 +3354,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 336
    i32.const 512
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -3605,7 +3605,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 336
    i32.const 512
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
diff --git a/tests/compiler/std/typedarray.untouched.wat b/tests/compiler/std/typedarray.untouched.wat
index c3820f81..c24bf736 100644
--- a/tests/compiler/std/typedarray.untouched.wat
+++ b/tests/compiler/std/typedarray.untouched.wat
@@ -5439,7 +5439,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 336
    i32.const 512
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable
@@ -5766,7 +5766,7 @@
   if
    i32.const 336
    i32.const 512
-   i32.const 100
+   i32.const 102
    i32.const 61
    call $~lib/builtins/abort
    unreachable